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A recent analysis of a Lunar Laser Ranging (LLR) data record spanning 38.7 yr revealed an anomalous increase of the eccentricity of the lunar orbit amounting to de/dt_meas = (9 +/- 3) 10^-12 yr^-1.

The present-day models of the dissipative phenomena occurring in the interiors of both the Earth and the Moon are not able to explain it. We examine several dynamical effects, not modeled in the data analysis, in the framework of long-range modified models of gravity and of the standard Newtonian/Einsteinian paradigm. It turns out that none of them can accommodate de/dt_meas.

Many of them do not even induce long-term changes in e; other models do, instead, yield such an effect, but the resulting magnitudes are in disagreement with de/dt_meas.In particular, the general relativistic gravitomagnetic acceleration of the Moon due to the Earth’s angular momentum has the right order of magnitude, but the resulting Lense-Thirring secular effect for the eccentricity vanishes. A potentially viable Newtonian candidate would be a trans-Plutonian massive object (Planet X/Nemesis/Tyche) since it, actually, would affect e with a non-vanishing long-term variation. On the other hand, the values for the physical and orbital parameters of such a hypothetical body required to obtain the right order of magnitude for de/dt are completely unrealistic.

Moreover, they are in neat disagreement with both the most recent theoretical scenarios envisaging the existence of a distant, planetary-sized body and with the model-independent constraints on them dynamically inferred from planetary motions. Thus, the issue of finding a satisfactorily explanation for the anomalous behavior of the Moon’s eccentricity remains open.

Source: Cornell University

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Sterrenkundigen voorspellen dat er in de nabije toekomst twee zonnen aan de hemel staan. Dat kan volgend jaar al gebeuren. Oorzaak is Betelgeuze (alpha Orionis), een heldere ster in het sterrenbeeld Orion en de op één na grootste ster in onze melkweg. Betelgeuze, een zogenaamde rode superreus, is aan het eind van zijn leven en kan op ieder moment een supernova worden. Als dat gebeurt zal wekenlang een tweede zon aan het firmament verschijnen. Waarschijnlijk valt in die periode de nacht weg.

Sinds begin 2010 worden aan het oppervlak van Betelgeuze – dik 600 lichtjaren hier vandaan en 650 keer groter dan onze zon – heldere vlekken gezien die qua omvang groter zijn dan de afstand tussen zon en aarde (150 miljoen kilometer). Die vlekken worden veroorzaakt door opstijgend heet gas uit de kern van de ster. Ze zijn een teken dat Betelgeuze aan het einde van haar leven is en ieder moment op kan gaan in een supernova. Dit betekent dat zij op spectaculaire wijze explodeert en opvlamt met de lichtkracht van honderden miljoenen tot meer dan een miljard zonnen.

Geweldige lichtshow
Brad Carter, Senior Lecturer of Physics aan de University of Southern Queensland,  meent dat dat al in 2012 kan gebeuren. Het resultaat: een tweede zon aan onze hemel. Eentje die waarschijnlijk gedurende een aantal weken nog feller zal schijnen als onze vertrouwde zon. Daarna ebt het effect over een periode van een een aantal maanden weg. In die fase is het volgens Carter waarschijnlijk dat we op aarde geen nacht zullen hebben.

Door de supernova zal onze aarde gebombardeerd worden door neutrino’s, (ongeladen subatomaire deeltjes) wat op zich ongevaarlijk is voor de mens. Volgens Carter en zijn collega’s valt er niks te vrezen, en wordt het gewoon een geweldige lichtshow. De kans dat wij die mogen meemaken is naar sterrenkundige normen groot, naar gewone normen klein, want ‘ieder moment’ betekent hier tussen nu en 10.000 jaar in astronomische termen. Maar desondanks duiken de doemscenario’s langs alle kanten op*. Dat 2012 nu net het jaar is waarop de Maya’s het einde der tijden zouden hebben voorspeld, past mooi in de kraam van de verkondigers van een nakende apocalyps.

Bron: AD.nl

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Source: wired.com

A century of comet data suggests a dark, Jupiter-sized object is lurking at the solar system’s outer edge and hurling chunks of ice and dust toward Earth.

“We’ve accumulated 10 years’ more data, double the comets we viewed to test this hypothesis,” said planetary scientist John Matese of the University of Louisiana at Lafayette. “Only now should we be able to falsify or verify that you could have a Jupiter-mass object out there.”

In 1999, Matese and colleague Daniel Whitmire suggested the sun has a hidden companion that boots icy bodies from the Oort Cloud, a spherical haze of comets at the solar system’s fringes, into the inner solar system where we can see them.

In a new analysis of observations dating back to 1898, Matese and Whitmire confirm their original idea: About 20 percent of the comets visible from Earth were sent by a dark, distant planet.

This idea was a reaction to an earlier notion that a dim brown-dwarf or red-dwarf star, ominously dubbed Nemesis, has pummeled the Earth with deadly comet showers every 30 million years or so. Later research suggested that mass extinctions on Earth don’t line up with the Nemesis predictions, so many astronomers now think that object doesn’t exist.

“But we began to ask, what kind of an object could you hope to infer from the present data that we are seeing?” Matese said. “What could possibly tickle [comets'] orbits and make them come very close to the sun so we could see them?”

Rather than a malevolent death star, a smaller and more benign companion called Tyche (Nemesis’ good sister in Greek mythology) could send comets streaming from the Oort Cloud toward Earth.

The cosmic snowballs that form the hearts of comets generally hang out in the Oort Cloud until their orbits are nudged by some outside force. This push could come from one of three things, Matese said. The constant gravitational pull of the Milky Way’s disk can drag comets out of their icy homes and into the inner solar system. A passing star can shake comets loose from the Oort Cloud as it zips by. Or a large companion like Nemesis or Tyche can pull comets out of their comfort zones.

Computational models show that comets in each of these scenarios, when their apparent origins are mapped in space, make a characteristic pattern in the sky.

“We looked at the patterns and asked, ‘Is there additional evidence of a pattern that might be associated with a passing star or with a bound object?’” Matese said.

After examining the orbits of more than 100 comets in the Minor Planet Center database, the researchers concluded that 80 percent of comets born in the Oort Cloud were pushed out by the galaxy’s gravity. The remaining 20 percent, however, needed a nudge from a distant object about 1.4 times the mass of Jupiter.

“Something smaller than Jovian mass wouldn’t be strong enough to do the deed,” Matese said. “Something more massive, like a brown dwarf, would give a much stronger signal than the 20 percent we assert.”

There’s one problem, however. The pattern only works for comets that come from the spherical outer Oort Cloud, which extends from about 0.3 to 0.8 light-years from the sun. Comets from the flatter, more doughnut-shaped inner Oort Cloud don’t create the same distinctive pattern.

“That’s troubling,” Matese said. “It requires an entirely new dynamical explanation for how inner Oort Cloud comets are made observable.”

That the same weird pattern from 1999 is still there today “definitely makes it a stronger case than past papers,” said planetary scientist Nathan Kaib of the Canadian Institute for Theoretical Astrophysics, who was not involved in the new work. But he would still like to see more data.

“I think this whole issue will be resolved in the next five to 10 years, because there’s surveys coming on line … that will dwarf the comet sample we have today,” he said. “Whether these types of asymmetries in the directions that comets are coming from actually do exist or not will definitely be hammered out by those surveys.”

We may not have to wait that long, Matese said. An object like Tyche could be seen directly by WISE, NASA’s infrared space telescope.

“We anticipate that this WISE is going to falsify or verify our conjecture,” he said. “We just have to be patient.”

Images:
1) Comet Sliding Spring, a visitor from the Oort Cloud, was captured by WISE in January 2010. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/UCLA
2) The layout of the solar system, including the Oort Cloud, on a logarithmic scale. Credit: NASA

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A surprisingly large collection of galaxies (red dots in center) stands out at a remarkably large distance in this composite image combining infrared and visible-light observations. NASA’s Spitzer Space Telescope contributed to the infrared component of the observations, while shorter-wavelength infrared and visible data are provided by Japan’s Subaru telescope atop Mauna Kea, Hawaii.

Looking out to this distance, the galaxy cluster CLG J02182-05102 appears as it was 9.6 billion years ago, only about three billion years after the Big Bang. Astronomers were surprised to find such a “modern” cluster at an era when its peers tended to be much smaller, presumably taking billions of more years to collect enough galaxies to reach such a size.

Infrared light from Spitzer at wavelengths of 3.6 and 4.5 microns is displayed in red. Subaru observations of near infrared and visible light with wavelengths of 0.9 and 0.44 microns are rendered in green and blue, respectively. The purple overlay is a calculated measure of overall galaxy density and highlights the high concentration of galaxies in the distant cluster.

credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/Subaru (image), Michael Eugene Adams (animation)

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Voor het eerst zijn beelden gemaakt van een botsing tussen twee kleine asteroïden, meldde de Amerikaanse ruimtevaartorganisatie NASA. De ruimtetelescoop Hubble heeft een bizar X-vormig object onderzocht, dat astronomen nooit eerder hadden gezien. De wetenschappers weten ook niet waarom de sporen de vorm van een X hebben gekregen.

In januari van dit jaar werd een ‘mysterieus’ object vastgesteld in de asteroïdengordel tussen Mars en Jupiter. Men dacht in eerste instantie dat het ging om een bepaald soort komeet. Nadat de Hubble ruimtetelescoop het object onlangs onder de loep heeft genomen, bleek het te gaan om een botsing tussen twee asteroïden. Botsingen tussen asteroïden zijn relatief gebruikelijk in de ruimte.

Eén van de rotsblokken was 3 tot 5 meter in doorsnee, de andere iets groter. De botsing gebeurde met een snelheid van ongeveer 18.000 kilometer per uur.

Door de straling van de zon is een lange stofstaart achter de ‘X’ ontstaan. “De observatie is belangrijk om te weten waar het stof in het zonnestelsel vandaan komt. We willen weten hoeveel van dat stof komt van botsende kleine planeten of van uitdovende planeten,” zei David Jewitt van de Universiteit van Californië.

Bron: Telegraaf.nl

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